SKU: 79184106651

Gain of Function

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Gain of FunctionBy: Nicholas G. Evans Series: The MIT Press Essential Knowledge series How a small number of risky experiments creates many unwieldy problems for life science research. The life sciences have never been more critical to human health, wealth, and security. But with any endeavor comes risk, and the last decade has seen concerns raised about gain of function research in which a microbe, usually a virus, is given new properties like enhanced lethality,

By: Nicholas G. Evans   | Series: The MIT Press Essential Knowledge series 
How a small number of risky experiments creates many unwieldy problems for life science research.


The life sciences have never been more critical to human health, wealth, and security. But with any endeavor comes risk, and the last decade has seen concerns raised about gain-of function-research in which a microbe, usually a virus, is given new properties like enhanced lethality, transmissibility, or the capability to infect new species. In 2021 the term seeped into the tabloids when a conflict between Senator Rand Paul and Dr. Anthony Fauci arose over the origins of COVID-19. In Gain of Function, Nicholas Evans—who has spent his career studying gain-of-function research—describes what this kind of research is, what it isn’t, and why a small number of scientific experiments continues to make headlines.

Evans begins with a description of what gain-of-function research is in science, and what it means in government policy. He tells the story of the original papers that sparked controversy more than a decade ago, unpacking them for readers unfamiliar with virology research, and he identifies where and why policymakers and scientists alike became concerned. He then turns to the history of policies that attempt to regulate gain-of-function research, the current controversies, and the ethics of risky research. He concludes with the future of gain of function, including how debates about gain of function will influence science and public health in years to come.
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SKU: 79184106651

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Cindi C
Natrona Heights, US
★★★★★ 4
Great for puppies
Color: Green, Pattern Name: Hammerhead Shark
Great for a teething puppy but very loud when it hits the floor. It is truly indestructible!
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Reviewed in the United States on May 27, 2026
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Alan W.
Dallas, US
★★★★★ 5
Great chew toy!
Color: Green, Pattern Name: Hammerhead Shark
Our dogs love them! I have three of the sharks to help them share with each other! LOL Been crewed on and still look good, long lasting and perfect size for our Golden and Yellow Lab.
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Reviewed in the United States on May 22, 2026
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Jessenia Hernandez
Grantham, US
★★★★★ 5
Finally a Toy My Aggressive Chewer Can’t Destroy
Color: Green, Pattern Name: Hammerhead Shark
My dog is an extremely aggressive chewer, and finding toys that last more than a few minutes has always been a challenge. Most toys are destroyed almost immediately, but this one has held up incredibly well. He chews on it constantly, and it still hasn’t been destroyed!
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Reviewed in the United States on May 30, 2026
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Marshage
Lake Worth, US
★★★★★ 3
A Green Hard Plastic Sea Creature? Chew Toy
Color: Green, Pattern Name: Hammerhead Shark
This is a sturdy chew for my 40 lb retriever who is 9 months old. BUT after she has been chewing on it there are sharp edges which hurt my fingers when she wants me to throw it. It is strong and she enjoys it, so she can continue as long as she wants but, If it cuts her tongue or mouth it’s gone.
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Reviewed in the United States on January 30, 2026
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Luca
Phoenix, US
★★★★★ 5
Strongest squeak toy for aggressive chewer
Color: Green, Pattern Name: Hammerhead Shark
I have been through so many toys for my aggressive super chewer pit bull puppy. He has shredded the bark box super chewer toys and most super chewer toys. Wet have had this toy for over a month and he still lives it! The squeaker odds in the middle of the toy and impossible to tear out and it still squeaks! This has been a very impressive toy.
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Reviewed in the United States on May 18, 2026

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