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سوویت یونین میں سوشلزم کا زوال کیوں آیا ؟ | ایک مارکسی تجزیہ | ایاز علی1991 ( : 1952 ) 1917 __ __ 1991 1991 (1878 1953) : : : : : : : 302
اس میں کوئی شک نہیں کہ سوویت یونین کا ۱۹۹۱
میں جو انہدام ہوا ، وہ تاریخ کا ایک بڑا حادثہ تھا۔
حادثہ لازمی تو نہیں ہوتا لیکن اس کے لازمی ہونے کے بہت سارے اسباب موجود ہوتے ہیں۔ جدلیات کی سائنس بھی ان اسباب کی تصدیق کرتی ہے۔ اس طرح 1991 میں سوویت یونین ٹوٹ گیا تو اس کے بھی بہت سارے اسباب تھے۔ وہ سیاسی بھی تھے تو معاشی بھی تھے ، وہ فکری بھی تھے تو عملی بھی تھے۔ قطع نظر اس کے سوویت یونین کے انہدام کی وجہ سے آج تک لوگ حیران اور پریشان ہیں۔ امریکی دانشور فو کو یاما ( جنم : 1952 ) نے ششدر ہو کر یہ تک کہہ دیا کہ اب تاریخ کا خاتمہ ہو چکا ہے اور سوویت یونین کے زوال کے بعد اب دنیا میں کوئی بھی تضاد باقی نہیں رہا۔ بہر کیف، دنیا میں بہت سارے لوگ آج تک اس بات کو سمجھ نہ سکے ہیں کہ اکتوبر 1917 میں جو رو__س میں مزدوروں کا انقلاب آیا، جس نے تاریخ میں پہلی مرتبہ مزدوروں اور کسانوں کو اقتدار و اختیار کا مالک بنایا، جس نے طبقاتی نظام اور طبقاتی تفریق کو ختم کیا، جس نے ہر قسم کے ظلم اور استحصال کا خاتمہ کیا، جس نے انسانی تاریخ میں اجتماعیت کا انوکھا تجربا کیا، جس نے سرمائیدار دنیا کو اچھے میں ڈال دیا، جس کی وجہ سے ایشیا، افریقہ ، اور لاطینی__امریکہ کے ایک سو سے زائد ممالک میں انقلاب آئے، جس نے مظلوم اقوام اور طبقات کا استحصال کرنے والے جاگیر داری۔ سرمایہ داری نظام کو مفلوج کر کے عالمی انقلاب کی تحریک شروع کردی، جس نے دوسری جنگ عظیم میں فتح حاصل کر کے دنیا میں محنت کش طبقے کا اخلاقی مورال بلند کیا، جس نے نو آبادیاتی اقوام کی مدد کی، ان کو آزادی دلائی اور برطانوی سامراج کی کمر توڑ دی، جس نے ہندوستان اور پاکستان کے آزادی کا راستہ ہموار کیا وہ ہی انقلاب پچھتر سالوں کے سفر کے بعد اگست 1991 میں کیوں اپنے خاتمے سے دوچار ہوا؟ سوال یہ ہے کہ سوویت یونین میں آخر سوشلزم کا زوال کیوں آیا؟ کیا یہ سوشلزم کی ناکامی تھی یا یہ صرف سوویت یونین کا زوال تھا ؟ اگر 1991 میں سوویت یونین کا زوال آیا تو کیا اس سے یہ ثابت ہوتا ہے کہ سوشلزم بطور نظریہ ناکام ہوا یا یہ ناکامی اس نظام کی تھی، جس کو سوویت یونین میں اسٹالن (1878-1953) کی وفات کے بعد روسی کمیونسٹ پارٹی نے قائم کیا تھا؟ ان سولات پر اس کتاب میں تفصیل کے ساتھ مفصل بحث کی گئی ہے۔ اس کتاب کو چھ ابواب میں تقسیم کیا گیا ہے۔
باب ۱ : روسی انقلاب اور اس کے فاتح طبقات
باب ۲ : لنین کا دور : انقلاب کے فاتح طبقات میں ٹکراو اور سوشلزم کے لیے خطرہ
باب ۳ : اسٹالن کا دور
باب ۴ : اسٹالین کے بعد روس میں ترمیم پسندی کا ابھار اور سوشلزم کا زوال
باب ۵ : سوویت یونین کے زوال کے اندرونی اور بیرونی اسباب
باب ۶ : نیتجہ
حوالہ جات ، فرہنگ ، کتابیات اور اشاریہ
سوویت یونین میں سوشلزم کا زوال کیوں آیا ؟
ایک مارکسی تجزیہ
مصنف ایاز علی
صفحات 302
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4.1 ★★★★★
Based on 12 reviews
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Product Reviews
★★★★★ 5
OUTSTANDING
Format: Kindle
This was very, very good. The world is vast and characters are complex. There is a good plot with a whole lot going on. This is well written. Good twists and turns and some heart breaking moments. You will love these characters, they have heart and loyalty. I am hoping that there will be several more books. We've yet to see anything from the Sea Court but only a mention of them here and there. The Wood Court was given a quick couple of scenes, and only as far as some warriors, we've yet to enter their court and the Shadow Court, I'm not sure if they will be a force for good or bad, but they definitely will play a much bigger role moving forward. This is primarily the Ice and Air Courts. Told in multiple views, which I loved, it gives you a chance to see things from different eyes. There's alot of political maneuvering and deception. I loved it and will pick up the next book as it becomes available. If you like The Fae and the courts, you should love this. I think the author has mucn in store for us.
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Reviewed in the United States on March 8, 2020
★★★★★ 4
Definitely worth the read!
Format: Kindle
After taking a deep breath and taking in that wicked twist of an ending, I have finally composed myself. My first thought when I started this book was that I love Reyna's character. I was intrigued by her connection with her familiar and the Ruin that is plaguing her land. It came as no surprise that she took her sister's place in an attempt to protect her. When they reach the Air Court everything slows down. This is where it was iffy for me. First of all, I like multiple POV's in books however 7 is a bit much. It starts to interrupt the story line. I felt like I was finally making progress connecting with one character, then it was switched to another person. I felt they all had necessary or pertinent information but not necessarily were they all POV worthy. The only other thing that annoyed me was that Reyna constantly was " trapped." She would rush off without thinking, only to need rescuing. She is brilliant in a fight, but she really doesn't think through anything. Lorcan is amazing. I know he might be on the "bad" list, but his background is so interesting. Eislyn(Reyna's sister) is really so sweet, but calculating. I enjoyed her and Thane's dialogue. The author did an amazing job with the imagery in this book. Everything was so detailed it was easy to fall into the scene. I love unexpected twists and while part of the ending I expected, I wasn't expecting how it took place. All in all, I found it very entertaining and I am very invested in continuing this series.
Favorite quotes:
"The truth may be twisted but never false."
"Who was she if she was not the enemy of the Air Court? What was her purpose of she no longer has that?"
"In a war-torn land, love was always a lie."
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Reviewed in the United States on March 4, 2020
★★★★★ 5
Great Read!!! Great story!!!
Format: Kindle
The series is long, but Ms. Wolfhart does a fantastic job of weaving this tale while bringing so much to the characters. Surprises and plot twists along the way to keep you intrigued. There is some graphic sex, but is no way the focal point. Grammar was excellent (a rare find with a lot of self publishers) with only a few noted errors. I rarely give 4 stars, let alone 5.
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Reviewed in the United States on April 30, 2021
★★★★★ 3
Sadly, DNF
Format: Kindle
I read this thru KU. I LOVED the synopsis. And then I began reading... and it was a DNF at 68% after picking it up and putting it down several times because I really loved the main female character.
*****SPOILERS*****
Pros:
The world is unique, intriguing and fun. The primary female character is bad-a** but not a b*tech or a mary sue. The primary female has depth. I really want to know what happens to her even tho it's been weeks and I don't remember her name. The villains to the point I read are pretty good -- an ever present threat of mysterious and possibly many culprits.
Cons:
Way, way too many points of view. I stopped counting at 7. It's the prime reason why I don't care about most of the characters or remember their names even when I like them. There's just too many points of view so almost none of the characters have enough book space for the author to properly develop them. This literally killed the book for me. Actually it killed my desire to read. For weeks.
The main male is more villain than hero. He agreed to marry the main female then locks her up & eschews her for her sister, all while bad mouthing her as unfit to rule when he never spent any time with her getting to know her. He is actually unfit to rule as he is blind to the woes of his own kingdom and starts off a peace mission to secure a ceasefire through marriage by murdering an inn full of people in her country for no real reason. Plus, he constantly makes promises he does not keep. And it's gross of him to pine for the sister behind the main female's back.
*****
As much as I really wanted to see what happened to the main female character, it wasn't enough for me to keep trying to slog thru this book. There was a lot of potential here that just fell short.
Hence, 3 stars.
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Reviewed in the United States on June 19, 2021
★★★★★ 5
Fae Courts with High Intrigue
Format: Kindle
This book is one that just builds and builds and then surprises you to no end. You may think you know the villains and then you are jolted in another direction. Princess Reyna is a real gem, strong of character, a fierce fighter, and loyal to her family and kingdom. Just when you think she and Lorcan, well you know, the plot is flipped. Can't wait to see where this goes in book two.
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Reviewed in the United States on July 7, 2023
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